Bear in mind, there are more ways to monetize than just display ads and affiliate offers.
Depending on your niche, you can sell eBooks, create a course, create your own product, etc. As you grow, opportunities will arise and you will find newer ways to monetize.
What's important when you get started is to first get eyeballs to your website. Audience > Trust > Monetize (ATM) is a good methodology to start off with.
Once you build an audience that trusts you, the sky is the limit.
Read Day #9: Monetization, it teaches you the 4 basic types of websites, and how to monetize each type with different methods and what to avoid doing (cannibalization).
Most of your questions are already answered within the Digital Strategy Crash Course at a macro and micro level.
And so forth. MOST sites on the internet aren't affiliate marketing sites, and they continue to operate and pay people (and of course many are just hobby blogs that don't make money). Forums, social media sites, newspaper sites, most of the crap we use day in and day out aren't affiliate sites. The ones making the most money aren't affiliate sites.